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The task of splitting the atom for the first time is significantly attributed to Ernest Rutherford. In 1917, he conducted experiments that led to the transmutation of nitrogen into oxygen, effectively demonstrating the capabilities of nuclear reactions. Rutherford’s work laid the foundation for modern nuclear physics and further studies into atomic structure.

Isaac Newton, while a foundational figure in physics and mathematics, focused on laws of motion and universal gravitation rather than atomic structure. Niels Bohr made substantial contributions to the understanding of atomic structure and quantum theory, particularly with his model of the hydrogen atom. James Clerk Maxwell is known for formulating the classical theory of electromagnetic radiation but did not directly involve himself in atomic research.

Rutherford's pioneering experiments and theories significantly advanced the field of nuclear science, making him the key figure in the early exploration of atomic structure and reactions.